When to sound a kiai

The kiai is sounded:

At the moment of impact of a technique, whether it be a block or an attack
When absorbing blows to the abdomen
At certain points while performing patterns, failure to sound a strong kiai at the appropriate place is regarded as an error.
While free-sparring to signify a decisive technique. An attack without an accompanying kiai is not is regarded as a strong, decisive technique
Anytime you want to accentuate an action you are performing

Just like what the military tells you about when to salute, "When in doubt, do it." Use a kiai every time you execute a technique. Depending on the circumstances, it may be a low volume kiai similar to a whisper, or it may be a blood-curdling kiai that even causes the spectators to tremble.

Purposes of a kiai

Shows your fighting spirit. When performed under stress is like crying out "I will not give up! I will prevail!"
Focuses total concentration into the attack.
Focuses timing, breathing, movement, and power.
Increases the power of an attack by tensing the appropriate muscles.
Ensures the breath is not held during exertion. Holding the breath during exertion increases blood pressure, which may be harmful. Ever seen the bulging veins on a weightlifter's temples?
Forces oxygen into bloodstream because muscles need maximum oxygen to perform forcefully (first syllable "ki" forces oxygen into bloodstream).
Tenses the body at the moment of impact of an attack (second syllable "ai" tenses the body).

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