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Considerable scientific research has been done by the Japanese and published in two reports of the Bulletin of the Association for Scientific Studies on Judo, Kodokan, in 1958 and 1963. The following are some of the conclusions made based on their experiments.

• Unconsciousness occurs approximately 10 seconds (8-14 seconds) after choking. After release from the chokehold, the subject regains consciousness naturally (spontaneously) without difficulty in 10-20 seconds.

• Pressure on the larynx and trachea produced excruciating pain but there was no pain in other techniques before unconsciousness.

• The unconsciousness resulting from choking is mainly due to lack of oxygen and metabolic disturbances created in the brain, as a result of disturbance of cerebral circulation.

• The appearance of flushing of the face is due to disturbance in pressure in the carotid arteries and jugular veins.

• Tachycardia (increased heart rate), hypertension (increased blood pressure), and mydriasis (dilation of the pupils) were caused by stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system (vagus nerve).

• Tachycardia and hypertension may be also attributed to the carotid sinus reflex.

• All other laboratory studies show changes that are similar to condition accompanying central shock. Choking acts as a stressor on the circulator and hypophysio-adrenocortical system.

• According to their experience, no deleterious after effects remain after being "choked."

The reports showed that choking is considerably less dangerous than a "knock-out" in boxing provided necessary precautions are taken.

• Do not choke subjects with cardiac disorders or hypertension.

• Do not choke youngsters whose central nervous system and heart have not yet attained complete development.

• Do not continue to choke after the subject falls unconscious.

Since the advent of Judo, first developed by Professor Jigoro Kano in 1882, no death directly attributed to choking has been reported. There are four main reasons why fatalities do not occur: 

• Choking, whether in practice or competition is supervised and observed by qualified trained instructors and officials.

• The contestant submits before unconsciousness occurs.

• After choking, the contestant regains consciousness naturally and spontaneously without difficulty in ten to twenty seconds.

• The immediate application of artificial respiration by the qualified instructor or official prevents prolonged hypoxia.

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