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There are three types of counter-attacks:

• Ballistic. Ballistic counter-attacks are those that require the impact of an object (a body part or a weapon) against a part of an attacker's body. They establish control through the use of pain, numbness, inability to move a body part, restricted breathing, or disorientation.

• Flowing. Flowing is the redirection of an incoming line of force along a decreasing spiral, which will turn the force back upon itself. This action redirects the force into a static condition, effectively neutralizing it. Flowing techniques use the momentum of the attack against the attacker, such as throws and takedowns. Throws only require you to execute the technique. Takedowns require you to maintain constant control of the attacker both during and after the technique.

• Restraining. Restraining techniques use joint manipulation, a hold or lock, or a choke or strangle to control an attacker. Joint manipulations (twisting, turning, pushing, or pulling) use pain to subdue an attacker. Struggling against the manipulation will cause the attacker such pain that he or she will cooperate. Holds or locks place the attacker in such a position that he or she cannot generate enough leverage to get away. Chokes cutoff the attacker's air supply causing drowsiness or unconsciousness. Strangles cutoff the blood supply to the attacker's brain causing drowsiness or unconsciousness. The proper application of these techniques requires much more focus and control than any other aspect of defense.

Finishing

These are the final actions used to complete a self-defense situation. Once you have control of your attacker, you must insure he or she will not attempt to attack you again once you relinquish control. Finishing techniques are generally continuations previous defensive actions. The severity of the attack, how many attackers are involved, and what weapons are used will affect how extreme your final measures must be.

As a Taekwondo student, you must analyze an attack and determine the least amount of force you can use and still be effective. It is your responsibility to know your abilities and strength and to use them to cause no more harm than necessary. The law allows a person to defend him or herself but it requires the person to use only the amount of force that is absolutely necessary to stop an attack. When possible, the law requires a person to evade an attack and run away. Choose the appropriate self-defense action for a situation and then execute it to the maximum. If necessary, you may escalate the action to a higher level.

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