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Within the attack ranges, you may use two major types of attacks:

• Linear. Linear attacks travel in straight lines from point of origin to point of contact, such as a downward club or knife attack, front kick, side kick, reverse punch, and uppercut. All upward attacks, downward attacks, and thrusts are linear attacks. 

• Circular. Circular attacks travel in arcs from point of origin to point of impact, such as a roundhouse kick, turning kick, crescent kick, knife hand strike, and hook punch. 

The direction of evasion depends on each of the above factors. The most important thing to remember about evading is timing, when to evade. If you evade too soon, your attacker may alter the attack and hit you anyway. If you evade too late, then you may get hit before you can move. The key to evading is to move at the last possible moment before the attack can make contact.

Blocking

Effective blocking is most often combined with an evasive movement. Thus, stepping to the side of a punch and pushing it away is better than either standing still and pushing it away or just stepping to the side. Blocks may also be used as attacks. A forceful forearm block against a punching arm may injure the attacker enough to convince him or her to stop attacking. A scooping block against a front kick may be used to throw the attacker on his or her back.

Stunning

A stun is a sharp, powerful blow that causes a short-term, temporary interruption in the attacker's physical attack and thought process. It does not cause long-term injury to the attacker. Stunning is used as a quick, simple way to slow down an attacker. A stun only last a few minutes, cause bruises and sore muscles at worst, and may be apologized for easily.

Stuns do not even have to make contact to work. A quick, focused punch just short of the nose, with an accompanying loud kiai, will cause the opponent to snap his or her head back and will momentarily stun the opponent.

Counterattacking

Counter-attacking is what most people consider self-defense to be, but, as discussed above, it may not be necessary to counter-attack, you may be able to evade the attack and run. Many times, it is best to evade an attack, stun the attacker, and then run.

The first three defensive actions (evading, blocking, and stunning) do not prevent the attacker from continuing his or her attack. Counter-attacking permits control of the attacker and the situation. Control may be gained by use of a restraining hold, choke, strangle, or a strike. A strike to the head that causes disorientation is a form of control. The purpose of a counter-attack is to stop the attacker's initial attack and to prevent further attack.

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