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A final straw came in January 1946 when he and other council members were ordered to sign an expression of support for the trusteeship, and he refused to do so. On 8 February 1946 he was forced to resign from his position of Chairman of the Provisional People's Committee for the Five Provinces, and was placed under house arrest by the Soviets.

For some time he was kept under comfortable conditions at the Koryo Hotel, from which position he continued to vocally oppose the communists. He stood in the 1948 vice-presidency election, but was unsuccessful, receiving only 10 votes from the National Assembly. Cho was later transferred to a prison in Pyongyang, where confirmed reports of him end. He is generally believed to been executed along with other political prisoners during the early days of the Korean War, possibly in October 1950. Cho's removal opened the way for Kim Il-sung to consolidate his power in the north, a position he was able to hold for 48 years until his death in 1994.

In 1970, Cho's deeds gained posthumous recognition when South Korean government awarded him the Order of the Republic of Korea in the Order of Merit for National Foundation.

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